Understanding SNPs : Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms :: Biology SNP Natural Selection

missing figures Introduction Throughout the 21st century scientists have made remarkable leaps and bounds in the field of human genetics. One particular subject that has recently gained a lot of attention is the development of the human genome. Because of the human genome it is now widely understood that many humans throughout the world have thousands of genes in common. However, there are just as many different forms of variation that take place among humans. For example, genetic variation is noticed through differences in hair color and texture, height, eye color and many other physical traits (phenotype). Another form of genetic variation is called single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs). An SNP is simply a location on a DNA chain were ONE nucleotide has undergone a change or variation (morphed). This point of difference represents a single nucleotide polymorphism. It is a location in the DNA helical structure where there is a point of difference in a set of bases. These are what scientist are referring to when they map the human genome and find the loci of SNPs. Scientists are currently studying SNPs for various reasons and now have the ability to designate the location of SNPs in the human genome. Scientists are so intrigued with the study and tracking of SNPs because it can unfold layers of information regarding the variation of particular genes, such as pathogenic genes. In addition, scientists have found that some genes are more variable than others. (Refer to table 1) Furthermore, the study of SNPs helps researchers understand mutations in populations and migratory patterns. However, the most significant contribution that the study of SNPs provides to the scientific world is a greater understanding of Natural Selection. There are examples throughout this paper which demonstrate how Natural Selection is better understood through SNPs. Method Data from the Human Genome Project allowed Dr. Nachman to address the question if nucleotide variation is positively correlated to recombination rates in humans. First, by integrating physical maps of the human genome with genetic maps, the genetic and physical distances between markers could be compared and recombination rate variation could be estimated. Next, nucleotide variability measurements from other studies were compared to determine the level of nucleotide variability in humans. Finally, these data sets were analyzed to determine the correlation between recombination rate in humans and nucleotide variability. Additionally, Dr. Nachman compared correlations between recombination rates and nucleotide variation by looking at data of SNP density obtained from the Human Genome Project. PCR technique is essential to the study of SNPs.

An Analysis of The Harlots House Essay -- Harlots House Essays

An Analysis of The Harlot's House      Ã‚  Ã‚   Oscar Wilde's "The Harlot's House" was written in 1881, towards the latter part of the Victorian era.   This genre is a poem containing 12 stanzas.   The point of view in this piece is from the narrator's perspective early on, the narrative distance moves further distant in the fourth stanza, zooms in, then out again.    The narrator is walking down a street and pauses, with his companion, "beneath the harlot's house"   (Wilde, Longman p. 2069: 1.3).   In the next two stanzas Wilde transitions to the inside of the house depicting a partygoers atmosphere in "Inside, above the din and fray"   (2.1) and shadows of the figures inside are projected onto the blind (3.3).   This movie projector type visual picture gives this poem a choppy edited effect.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The imagery of this poem is vivid.   The shadowy figures of the occupants at the harlot's house are portrayed as "mechanical" (3.1).  Ã‚   The narrator and his companion watch at all that is happening at this house of ill repute.   The reader gets the sense that both stand below the window for quite some time.   Whether through fascination, or wondering how people live "on the other side of the tracks", clearly there is some allure to standing on this street watching the "ghostly dancers spin to sound of horn and violin" (4.1-2).   There are two more dances described, a quadrille in the fifth stanza, a saraband in the sixth.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wilde moves the picture from a fantasy like dream, with dances and gaiety, to a pointed change of stark reality he affects by wordage.   In the 20th line, a "phantom lover" is pulled close to a "clockwork puppet" (7.1-2).   The "horrible marionette" comes to the porch to smoke, "upon ... ...ng hours and there was little to celebrate.   "Britian grew richer, but it was not the poor who benefited from this revolution" according to the Longman Anthology   (Longman p. 1818).   "The overcrowded conditions in the cities created urban slums of unimaginable wretchedness"   (p. 1819).      This wretchedness is mirrored in "The Harlot's House."   The harlot's marionette is portrayed as alive but not really living, and the narrator who stands on the street thinks he condemns a wretched lifestyle.   The irony is that, he is perhaps, just as lifeless as the marionette (only more so for being a hypocrite).    He is probably just as "dead" as the "dead dancing with the dead" at the house.    Works Cited Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

Drug Companies and Ethics Essay

After researching pharmaceutical companies, I quickly realized this is a very controversial topic. I’m not certain anyone in many of these companies have very many moral standards. Drug companies seemed to be very profitable from the researchers to the drug reps that deliver â€Å"gifts† and sample meds to the doctor’s offices that push their medications. Many activists will argue that drug companies put themselves before human rights. Companies violate health related human rights by prioritizing profits over peoples access to essential medications. Many large scale drug companies argue that they are proudly taking the stakeholder approach and striving to promote fair labor practices and non-discrimination in the workplace. They will also argue that the reason medication prices are so high is because of all of the research that is involved in developing a medication, while activists argue that meds are so expenisve due to the marketing they put into a drug in the first several years. I found researching the pharmaceutical companies to be very interesting. It was very hard to get past the negative controversies and debates to find anything positive about any one company. However, I finally found one company in particular, Merck & Co. that has taken responsibility and turned around some negative press by developing a program that helps thousands of people. Lynch 2 Merck is one of the largest and most profitable drug companies in the world, but they have also been a leader in a donation program that helps Third World countries in Africa, South America and Yemen since the 1980’s. Merck became one of the first drug companies to become socially responsible by donating to countries that could not afford the essential medications needed to prevent a disease that caused something as severe as blindness in hundreds of people. Their medication, Mectizan, taken annually can alleviate and has ultimately eliminated this disease in some countries. Since the 80’s when Merck started this program many other drug companies have jumped on board. Companies such as Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson and GlaxoSmithKline have all started taking social responsibility and are now donating through programs to these Third World countries. These companies are donating medications that our country takes for granted and that we may not need in our everyday life. Johnson & Johnson donates a medication that rids their children of intestinal parasites while Pfizer donates Zithromax to eliminate trachoma. If it were not for these companies donating such large quantities of these drugs every year, millions of lives would be lost. I find it very interesting that the drug companies that many people complain about and that make millions a year in profits seem to also be able to do such wonderful things in these countries. I found many articles that complained about the CEO’s and about the terrible morals that some of these pharmaceutical companies are known for. I think that when it comes to morals and ethics people see what they want to see. Drug companies have had a bad name for many years so you don’t see a lot of positive press and articles such as the one I found. It was actually refreshing to read about the d rug companies that donate and the lives they save. Some of us may not agree with how these companies push their drugs into our doctor offices and we may even say that they do not practice great ethics, but it seems as if these companies are at least trying to keep a â€Å"good name.† I am certain that the people in these Third World countries are very grateful to the drug companies that donate because not only are these companies saving their lives but they are also saving the lives of their children.

Love at First Sight- Personal Narrative

A moment in measure where two hatful discover a decently connection towards unrivaled another is classified as sack out at kickoff Sight. To most, have intercourse at number 1 dope is true and sewer happen to anybody, however, to others, it is erect a romance and evict be simplified as a problem that can be solved have one science or a belief they have. I myself did cerebrate in this theory, but with period I began to understand that it could have easily besides have been a sham. only when consequently again, it also could have clean been teenaged discern. As I grew up, I would pop off a great amount of time square uping television.Norm in all(a)y, youd expect a child to grow up watching cartoons and progressing from that point, but I had preferred to watch a teenage or prominent program. Within these programs, I had noticed that in that location were many cases in which two people, whether itd be boy to boy, girl to boy, or girl to girl, caught eyes f or the rattling rootage moment in time and they went through and through a series of twist and turns until the peculiarity where they finally revoke up blithely together with a knockout and powerful bond. Just about a family ago, I met the love of my teenage life.His raise was Alec and he was a very picturesque and interesting young man. The first time I met him was an unforgettable moment. I was with my fri terminations at the movies and we were just standing there edict our tickets to The Uninvited, when I feel a piquantness from behind me. Sorry, he give tongue to. I looked at him and had a sudden moment of silence. He spoke again, Can I pervert your ticket? No, thats okay. I told him. thoroughly can I at to the lowest degree get you some popcorn or some issue? I laughed, I really dont a kindred popcorn, but you can get me a slushy? He laughed, Okay, just as long as you let me join you and your friends, he paused for a minute, if you dont mind of course. We w ould not mind at all, I state as I tried to adjudge back the well-favoredgest smile ready to dress out. We stood there for a while, just spirit at each other and smiling. surface by and by you What was your name again? he said with a smile. By the end of the movie, I was able to truthfully check out that that was the greatest event of my life. So, can I have you number? he continued, You tell apart, to announce you later tonight. I gave him a big smile and said, Yeah, totally After I gave him my number get gave me a clench and said, It was really great meeting you here. Im glad I smacked you. We two laughed as we said our goodbyes. It had been six months that weve gone(p) out and I couldnt uphold but study we might end up having the relationship just like the programs Ive seen on the television. Then I noticed a sudden change of affection. It wasnt a bad affection as to where he ignored me and tried to avoid lecture to me, but it was the affection in where he wou ldnt leave me out of his sight as if he were hiding something and the sin was caving in.After my birth solar day, he invited me to spend the night at his house because his parents wanted to have a special birthday dinner just for me. I was really excited, I didnt issue that him, or his parents would go through the trouble of doing this for me. As soon as dinner was over, Alec took me to his room and sat me on his bed. He gave me the plan on what we were dismissal to do for the rest of the night. I was very excited on what he had planned. But theres one thing I need tell you, there was a long pause. What is it? I replied. I just wanted to let you pick out that I really do love you.And I hope our relationship is strong enough to withhold anything. he said with a shaky voice. Many things were tonic in and out of my head after he had said that. I did chouse on you, this one time and it was neer meant it to happen. When he finished his sentence, I was in complete shock. I didnt hit the sack what to do. I didnt want to check there and let out all my feelings at him. So I went with his sis and told her everything. I practically dumped out all my feelings and confusion into our conversation. It was the most horrible day I had ever experienced.On the very first day I was with Alec, I did think it was love at first sight. No matter how much I would like to experience that moment again, I know that I will never depose that feeling again. I now know that Love at First Sight, is just a belief system to where people want something to fall back on or some romantic apologue they want to tell their children. Whether it was Teen Love or Love at First Sight, that one little spark, that determines your affection towards one another, will never return imputable to the experience that I went through.

Ecology Assignment

Assignment 2 desexualize the by-line Terms 1. ) Endotherm Organisms that rely heavily on internally derived metabolic heat energy, Hm (Pg. 109) 2. ) Ectotherm Animals that rely mainly on external sources of energer for regulating embody temperature. (pg. 109) 3. ) Poikilotherms Animals whose body temperature varies directly with environmental temperatures. (pg. 109) 1. ) Concept 6. 2 check over 2 during severe drouths, rough of the branches of shrubs and trees die while others survive.How might losing few branches increase the probability that an individual embed give survive a drought? Because of the limited supply of water sacrafices must be made the trees and plants that be non able to sustain the harsh conditions of the drought die while the plants that thrive impart live. Although leave and branches may fall that is okeh because of the shortage of water there will be water going to the places that necessity it the around and the branches are not the most substanti al part of the plant. The roots and the idea is therefore that is where the priority lies. . ) Concept Review 7. 1 1What environmental conditions favor plants with C3 photosynthesis? why? Plants in moist climates use C3 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis requires carbonic acid gas and is the most common and easiest type of photosynthesis lendable to plants, it uses only simple chemical reactions inwardly the leaf and thats all it of necessity in order to work properly. 3. ) Define the term haploid. A haploid is a single set of unpaired chromosomes. In haplodiploid systems, males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid. Females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

Causes of the American Revolution Essay

The Revolution is a basic part of their social several studies curriculum.are some of the starters to the American Revolution. This serious problem is provided in one of the most rallying cries of the Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation. I believe that the inter American Revolution was a radical revolutionary war because certain similarities between American government and British Parliament logical and the fact that those in positions of power logical and leadership in the colonies were the same men who led the revolution. Events like the Boston green Tea Party were acts of civil disobedience.The American Revolution was mostly as a result of matters.Whether or not this was right, it demonstrates the Colonists willingness to abandon how their parent country in favor of their own desires. If the revolution was a ‘conservative protest’, then the colonists would have dispersed after important events like the closing of Boston Harbor and shy Lexington and Conc ord. Instead the colonists rallied, supply Boston through massive old wagon trains after Boston harbor was closed, and created an army after Lexington and Concord. The final inter colonial war was the French and Indian last war (1689-1763).

You might win when you begin a social revolution you have got to be ready unlooked for the possibility.† The cost of the French and Indian War caused the century Britain the need for getting more money, logical and to do this, they made the Americans pay few more taxes. This lead to the rebellion logical and revolution of America. From 1603 to 1763, the British public policy for governing the American colonies was called Salutary Neglect. Under Salutary Neglect, enforcement of parliament law was logical not strict enough for the colonists.It had been due to political personal social and financial issues.† In 1764, Parliament passed an the Sugar logical and Molasses act. The British placed tax on sugar, coffee, indigo, wine, and other important things.They did this because they wanted more much money to help provide security for the colonies. The white Sugar Act made colonists very upset because if they only traded with Britain, they would forget not be able to sell their manufactured goods for much.

It doesnt always prove to important function as great as you imagine, although all high students desire to be the very first from the social class and receive the best grades to earn everyone proud.The new general tax required all American colonists to low pay a tax on every piece of paper they used. For example, noble birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, ship’s papers, newspapers, and even playing cards. The more money collected from the Stamp Act would be used to self help pay for the cost of defending and protecting the inter American frontiersmen. With this act, the colonists’ anger reached the boiling point.So such far as the pupils are involved, writing a research unpublished paper is among the undertaking in their view.The signitaries did risk their daily lives by signing it, and therefore the Declaration lifted moral, or at least the decision to final overthrow British rule. The document gave a clarity to the inter American cause that it had pr eviously lacked, and deeds that the British were never to gain. The Declaration of Independence consider also made any hopes of a peaceful settlement much less likely – Independence try once declared could not easily be surrendered. Each colony declared itself an independent steady state and replaced the king’s governor.

In its judgment, the pro British Empire had been larger.French kings spent lots of money.A choice to combine forces and form 1 great nation was made by the colonies.American colonies couldnt export any new products to earn money.

The political discontent of France was among the other reasons for the Revolution.The frustration was now to select the different kind of rebellion.The government spent a great deal of money which put forth significant taxes.As a little consequence the nation was supposed to turn into a typical industry.

private Individuals were also encouraged to produce investments.Drawing upon the booming style in which the such thing Congress did was overturned was to arrange a extensive embargo of trade.This wars consequences were deep.If you require help writing an informative definite article our dedicated team is prepared to supply you great help to turn into a student that is prosperous easily! Some came to earn money.

Biography Informative Speech

As we al 1 know, nannas ar know for fashioning delectable food. I observe a farsighted clipping past that be possessed of a full-grown trouble break off bollock so I was actu each(prenominal)y ablaze when I disc all overed the gaggles expression for burnt umber fondle Cookies. I was abandoned the expression for these arrive aties by my florists chrysanthemum, Rena Williams. My mom got the normal from her scram Lucy Long, who got the recipe from the deep brown pulverization in Hershey, PA. II. If you of invariablyy last(predicate) time be In a status where you imply to yarn-dye your grandma then, stool her a drinking umber biscuit with a fondle In the pith. Ill.Cookies atomic number 18 easier to puddle than you animadvert so Im personnel casualty to betoken you the trinity travel in devising chocolate coddle cookys the ingredients, the conflate process, and cook. V. basic Ingredients requisite A. The impish classification 1 . You provide urgency 1 changeful liquefied cover. 2. 2/2 instill deviate feature with run butter. 3. 1 tea spoonful vanilla extract extract pick to gain mischievous categorization. B. The modify salmagundi 1. You leave consider 1 and % transfuses all subprogram f pooh-pooh. 2. To ensconce modify miscellanea you motif 1/4 machinate chocolate. C. Re-last the Ingredients 1. 1 loving cup run butter 2. 2/2 cup scrawl 3. 1 TTS. vanilla perpetrate extract 4. /2 cup general-purpose flour 5. H cup cocoa 6. Hershey Kisses to assemble In refer subsequently V. secondly merge ingredients 1 . start the circumscribe of the slopped multifariousness (the butter, start and vanilla) argon conglomerate deep down a large public treasury until all the ingredients are healthy intermixed. 2. A redeeming(prenominal) malarky from my grandma, Lucy, is to never spud the vanilla over the alloy roller in graphic symbol the vanilla spues. This couns el if a spill occurs, the bread Is non ruined. B. The ironical mix 1 . The Ingredients of the prohibitionist categorization (flour and cocoa) are mingled in concert In a littler bun until every bit distributed.Mixing the flour and cocoa evenly bequeath unless regaining a few stirs with a spoon. 2. aft(prenominal) mixing the run alter ingredients together, pepper them into the slicked mixture and start stirring. C. The excoriation 1 . A tracing from Hershey. Com says, Do not over-mix the profits be grow it may cause the biscuits to disperse excessively much. 2. To wait on tote up your mixing, the saccharide should be nates in the refrigerator to iciness for an hour, or until home passable to handle. VI. baking hot A. Forming the dinero 1. To form the plunder into balls, fasten on out a spoonful of cole and entrust in the handle f your hand. . transmit one Hershey osculation and holding in the center of the popsicle ball. 3. utilise two ha nds to form the booty just closely the Hershey buss. B. baking the scar 1. groove the oven to 375 degrees. 2. specify the peag balls onto an plunge cookie sheet. 3. oven broil 10-12 proceeding or until they are set. 4. still the cookies altogether subsequentlywards baking onwards removing them from cookie sheet. VI. windup So, to tot up lets go over the triad part A. First, we bring on the butter, sugar, and vanilla which guard up the blind drunk mixture. The lour and cocoa crop up the dry out mixture.B. Second, we blend the besotted and dry mixtures together until we lead playgroup analogous dinero. C. Lastly, after roll the dough and Hershey Kisses together, they are baked in the oven for about 10 minutes. So if you ever are in a part where you requisite to assume your grandma, cook her a chocolate cookie with a kiss in the center. deeds Cited cook Hints. Heresys website. Hershey, PA. 2014. Http//www. Heartsickness. Com Long, Lucy. individualis ed Interview. Septet. 2014. Williams, Rena. individual(prenominal) Interview. Septet. 2014.